VG grades are known by the Indian government as the preferred type of bitumen for road construction. In 1991, the Bureau of Indian Standards adopted a new grading method for bitumen, named viscosity ...
The two main problems that occur in asphalt concrete (tarmac) surfaces are that wheel ruts are formed when the material is too soft, or that the surface cracks when too hard. Climate Considerations In ...
Solvents are used to increase production and reduce steam-to-oil ratio in steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD). Variations of SAGD that use solvents, such as expanding solvent (ES) SAGD or ...
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