Excretion can be defined as the removal of toxic waste products of metabolism from the body. These wastes can be either solid, liquid or in the gaseous state. The liquid wastes are ammonia and urea, ...

An overarching theme of the immune system in the bladder seems to be balancing the need to respond promptly to microbial challenge with the need to rapidly curtail inflammatory responses, as the ...

Obstructive uropathy is a blockage that prevents urine from flowing naturally through the urinary system. The blockage may cause significant pain, nausea, and difficulty urinating. Several factors can ...

VOL: 102, ISSUE: 40, PAGE NO: 26Marion Richardson, BD, RN, DipN, CertEd, RNT, is senior lecturer, University of HertfordshireThe urinary system consists of the ...

Urinary urgency, or an urgent need to urinate, can have many causes. Urinary urgency can sometimes indicate a urinary tract infection (UTI) or a problem with the bladder or prostate. In other cases, ...