Salt, or more precisely the sodium it contains, is very much a "Goldilocks" nutrient. Low sodium levels cause a drop in blood volume, which can have serious, sometimes deadly, health consequences.

Negative reinforcement encourages specific behaviors by removing or avoiding negative consequences or stimuli. It is different than punishment, which aims to discourage a specific behavior. Negative ...

Operationally define challenging behaviors. Challenging behaviors should be defined in terms that are specific, observable, and measureable (i.e., one can see and count the behaviors). Be specific ...

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is among the most widespread substance use disorders (SUDs) worldwide, characterized by an impaired ability to control the intake of alcohol. For many years, psychologists ...

This study used data from 850 African Americans to test optimal matching theory (OMT). OMT predicts that 1) the most important dimensions of social support depend on the controllability of the ...

Over the past decades, some lawyers have started using brain imaging scans as evidence during criminal trials, to provide a possible explanation for the criminal behavior of defendants. This was ...

The failure of so many polls to predict the outcomes and margins of the last two presidential elections underscores the maddening challenge faced by social scientists who try to predict actual ...

Christy Bieber has a JD from UCLA School of Law and began her career as a college instructor and textbook author. She has been writing full time for over a decade with a focus on making financial and ...

Let’s assume that the original dog was an animal of many purposes. In time, humans began to demand that their dogs perform specific tasks and select for certain capabilities. Thus arose the ...