Photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) is a surface-sensitive analytical technique that provides information about the elemental composition, chemical state, and electronic structure of a material's surface ...

XPS relies on the photoelectric effect, where irradiating a material with X-rays causes the emission of core electrons. The kinetic energy of these emitted electrons is measured, which can be directly ...

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The solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) plays a pivotal role in governing the performance and stability of lithium (Li) batteries. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is a powerful technique for ...