Continuous Phase Modulation (CPM) constitutes a family of constant-envelope digital modulation techniques in which symbol transitions occur with continuous phase trajectories. By maintaining a ...

Liquid-crystal (LC) phase modulators are widely used in optical systems because of their advantages of low power consumption, lightweight, flexible bandwidth adjustment, and non-mechanical movements.

Spatial light modulators (SLMs) enable high-precision, high-speed modulation of both the amplitude and phase of light at the microscopic level. As a key technology for modern optical applications, ...

Signal modulation is one of the most basic and important concepts in the RF industry. It consists of using the variation of one or more parameters of a carrier signal to transmit information, ...