Many horse owners think the existence of the prefrontal cortex is a major controversy in equine science. It’s not. It’s just an area that’s riddled with misinformation. Curiously, most people—horsey ...

Drug addiction carries an extremely high risk of relapse, as cravings can be reignited by minor stimuli even long after one has stopped using. Previously, this phenomenon was attributed to a decline ...

Neuronal sequences in the medial prefrontal cortex of the brain encode critical information associated with a procedural rule. These sequences can be explored and leveraged as novel biomarkers for ...

It is well established in psychology that humans conceptualize emotions by features known as valence (the degree of pleasantness or unpleasantness) and arousal (the intensity of bodily reactions, such ...

To make a deliberate action in a volatile environment, the brain must frequently reassess the value of each action (action-value). Choice can be initially made from the experience of trial-and-errors, ...

Cognitive functions, also known as intellectual functions, encompass thinking, understanding, memory, language, computation, and judgment, and are performed in the cerebrum. The prefrontal cortex (PFC ...