Effective learning isn't just about finding the easiest path—it's about the right kind of challenge. Two prominent theories—Desirable Difficulties (DDF) and Cognitive Load Theory (CLT)—offer valuable ...

Three-dimensional (3D) learning resources are increasingly being integrated into classrooms and becoming important teaching tools. Learning resilience is a crucial factor affecting learning outcomes.

We examined how emotional motivation of background stimuli and prospective memory (PM) targets, along with cognitive control, jointly influence the PM aftereffects using a repetitive PM cue paradigm.