CMOS current reference circuits play a critical role in modern integrated circuits by providing a stable and reproducible current source that remains unaffected by variations in supply voltage, ...

Voltage references are available with fixed and adjustable reference voltage outputs. Adjustable output is set by a resistor divider connected to a reference pin. These references are either shunt ...

Research paper titled “CMOS Interface Circuits for High-Voltage Automotive Signals” from University of Parma and Silis s.r.l. “The acquisition of high-voltage signals from sensors and actuators in an ...

Accurately measuring voltages requires minimizing the impact of the instrument connection to the tested circuit. Typical digital voltmeters (DVMs) use 10MO resistor networks to keep loading effects to ...

In electronic design, a level translator enables communication between devices whose I/O voltages don’t match. Years ago, the I/O voltages usually matched, because most processor and logic devices ...

Consider a legacy design in which all of the components originally ran at 5 V, but some of the parts became obsolete and now only 3.3-V versions are available. What are we going to do? In my previous ...